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<title>Paralysis</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paralysis</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paralyzed" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Paralysed_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paralysed (disambiguation)">Paralysed (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="Paralysis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paralysis (disambiguation)">Paralysis (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paralytic" redirects here. For the gene, see <a href="Paralytic_(gene)" title="Paralytic (gene)">Paralytic (gene)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparesis</a>, <a href="Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">Numbness</a>, <a href="Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Spasticity</a>, <a href="Sensory_loss" title="Sensory loss">Sensory loss</a>, or <a href="Spastic_hemiplegia" title="Spastic hemiplegia">Spastic hemiplegia</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Paralysis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a>, <a href="Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>, <a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Paralysis</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>paralyses</b>; also known as <b>plegia</b>) is a loss of <a href="Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor</a> function in one or more <a href="Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">muscles</a>. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "paralysis" derives from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> παράλυσις, meaning "disabling of the nerves"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from παρά (<i>para</i>) meaning "beside, by"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and λύσις (<i>lysis</i>) meaning "making loose".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "<a href="Palsy" title="Palsy">palsy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, especially the <a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. Other major causes are <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a> with <a href="Nerve_injury" title="Nerve injury">nerve injury</a>, <a href="Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>, <a href="Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, <a href="Parkinson's_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="ALS" title="ALS">ALS</a>, <a href="Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>, <a href="Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>, <a href="Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> and <a href="Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>. Incidents that can cause such damage include <a href="Slip_and_fall" title="Slip and fall">slip and fall accidents</a>, <a href="Motor_vehicle_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle accidents">motor vehicle accidents</a>, <a href="Assault" title="Assault">assaults</a>, <a href="Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">gunshot wounds</a>, industrial accidents and <a href="Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">sports injuries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporary paralysis occurs during <a href="REM_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep">REM sleep</a>, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of <a href="Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">waking paralysis</a>. Drugs that interfere with <a href="Action_potential" title="Action potential">nerve function</a>, such as <a href="Curare" title="Curare">curare</a>, can also cause paralysis.

</p><p><i>Pseudoparalysis</i> (<i>pseudo-</i> meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an infant, it may be a symptom of <a href="Congenital_syphilis" title="Congenital syphilis">congenital syphilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudoparalysis can be caused by extreme mental stress and is a common feature of mental disorders such as <a href="Panic_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic anxiety">panic anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2></div>

<p>Paralysis can occur in localized or generalized forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (e.g., <a href="Spinal_cord_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal cord injuries">spinal cord injuries</a>) are constant in nature; however, some forms of <a href="Periodic_paralysis" title="Periodic paralysis">periodic paralysis</a>, including <a href="Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>, are caused by other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Paralysis can occur in newborns due to a <a href="Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">congenital</a> defect known as <a href="Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>. Spina bifida causes one or more of the vertebrae to fail to form vertebral arches within the infant, which allows the spinal cord to protrude from the rest of the spine. In extreme cases, this can cause spinal cord function inferior to the missing vertebral arches to cease.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cessation of spinal cord function can result in paralysis of lower extremities. Documented cases of paralysis of the anal sphincter in newborns have been observed when spina bifida has gone untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While life-threatening, many cases of spina bifida can be corrected surgically if operated on within 72 hours of birth.

</p><p><b>Ascending paralysis</b> presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> (another name for this condition is <i>Landry's ascending paralysis</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Tick_paralysis" title="Tick paralysis">Tick paralysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Ascending paralysis contrasts with <b>descending paralysis</b>, which occurs in conditions such as <a href="Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div>

<p>Many animal species use paralyzing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. In stimulated muscles, the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential, and to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly indicates that, e.g., <i>Microbracon</i> (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. <i><a href="Philanthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthus">Philanthus</a></i> venom inhibits both the fast and slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3></div>

<p>In some species of <a href="Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a>, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyzes a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. In the species <i><a href="Philanthus_gibbosus" title="Philanthus gibbosus">Philanthus gibbosus</a></i>, the paralyzed insect (most often a bee species) is coated in a thick layer of pollen. The adult <i>P. gibbosus</i> then lays eggs in the paralyzed insect, which is devoured by the <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> when they hatch.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3></div>

<p>An example of a vertebrate-produced paralyzing toxin is the <a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> of fish species such as <i><a href="Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>, the famously lethal <a href="Pufferfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pufferfish">pufferfish</a> of Japanese <a href="Fugu" title="Fugu">fugu</a>, which works by binding to <a href="Sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium channels">sodium channels</a> in nerve cells, inhibiting the cells' proper function. A nonlethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to <a href="Nemertea" title="Nemertea">nemerteans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are <a href="Chondrodysplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrodysplastic">chondrodysplastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in <a href="Paresis" title="Paresis">paresis</a>, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the <a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.

</p><p>Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="German_Shepherd_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="German Shepherd Dog">German Shepherd Dog</a> is especially prone to developing degenerative <a href="Myelopathy" title="Myelopathy">myelopathy</a>. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Affected dogs will become incontinent and gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually, their hind legs become useless. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cats with a <a href="Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">heart murmur</a> may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many snakes and trees exhibit powerful <a href="Neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxins">neurotoxins</a> that can cause nonpermanent paralysis or death.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Spinal_cord_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal cord injuries">Spinal cord injuries</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">Paraplegia</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegia">Quadriplegia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoplegia" title="Monoplegia">Monoplegia</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxant</a></li>

<li><a href="Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonic_immobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic immobility">Tonic immobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobratoxin" title="Cobratoxin">Cobratoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Obdormition" title="Obdormition">Obdormition</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">Cataplexy</a></li>

<li><a href="Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a> – Condition in which a patient is aware but completely paralysed</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324021033/http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm">"Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center"</a>. Christopherreeve.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm">the original</a> on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2Flusis">"παράλυσις"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite> on Perseus</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1940">Liddell & Scott 1940</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2F">παρά</a></span>

</li>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/paralysis" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/paralysis"><i>paralysis</i></a> at Wiktionary

</p>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107231#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2068" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107231#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2068" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130480-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paralysis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097834">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paralysie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933017x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paralysie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933017x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ochrnutí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph205408&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parálisis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX533348">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000087693&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563161705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646769">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/de7ca2ae-6ae5-4d49-b5c3-e11ac32e6747">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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